This paper aims to review modern philosophy of science and economics andexamine some common properties between it and Adam Smith’s view ofscience. In particular, we try to find that, in Smith’s opinion, science hascomplex dimensions, and is made compatible with and complementsmetaphysics. Reviewing Smith’s ‘History of Astronomy’ we observe that inSmith’s view of justification process of science, a theory is evaluated not onlyin terms of its accountability and prediction power, but by way of its coherenceand consistency with background knowledge. Also, in Smith’s view of science,the fact that scientific knowledge ought to be communicated among scientificand social communities, and is reached making use of human cognitive andaffective system leads to see that rhetorical, sociological and aesthetic factorsplay a part in the justification process.